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John Cottingham
John Cottingham (born 1943) is an English philosopher, educated at Merchant Taylors’ School near London, and St John’s College, Oxford. He is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Reading, Professorial Research Fellow, Heythrop College, University of London, Honorary Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford and editor of Ratio: the International Journal of Analytic Philosophy. The focus of his research has been early-modern philosophy (René Descartes was the subject of his DPhil at Oxford), the philosophy of religion and moral philosophy.〔(University of Reading: John Cottingham (Accessed 7 April 2011) )〕〔Athanassoulis, Nafsika and Vice, Samantha eds. (2008) ''The Moral Life: Essays in Honour of John Cottingham'', Palgrave Macmillan〕 Cottingham has served as a president of the Aristotelian Society, the British Society for the Philosophy of Religion, the Mind Association and as Chairman of the British Society for the History of Philosophy. A Festschrift with responses by Cottingam, ''The Moral Life'', was published by Palgrave in 2008.〔
==Descartes==
In his work on Descartes, Cottingham introduced trialism as an alternative interpretation of the mind-body dualism of Descartes. Although composed of two substances, mind and body, the human being possesses distinctive attributes in its own right (including sensations, passions, emotions), and these form a third category, that cannot be reduced to thought or extension.〔Cottingham, John (1985) ‘Cartesian Trialism’, Mind, XCIV No. 374, April, pp. 218-30. Reprinted in ''René Descartes, Critical Assessments'', ed. G. Moyal (London: Routledge, 1991). Vol. III, pp. 236-248, and Cottingham, ''Cartesian Reflections'', ch. 9.〕 Cottingham has also argued that Descartes’s view of animals as ‘machines’ does not have the reductionistic implications commonly supposed.〔Cottingham, John, ‘A Brute to the Brutes? Descartes’ Treatment of Animals’, Philosophy Vol. 53 (1978), pp. 551-59; repr. in Cottingham, ''Cartesian Reflections'', ch. 8.〕 Finally, Cottingham has explored the importance of Descartes as a moral philosopher, with a comprehensive picture of the good life that draws both on his scientific work (in physiology and psychology) and also on the theistic outlook that informs all his philosophy.〔Cottingham, John, ''Cartesian Reflections'', chs 1, 12, 13.〕 Cottingham is co-editor and translator of the three-volume Cambridge edition of ''The Philosophical Writings of Descartes''.〔J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (eds), ''The Philosophical Writings of Descartes'', vols I and II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), and vol. III, ''The Correspondence'', by the same translators plus A. Kenny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).〕
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